软件和固件存档

Feature Release

Important

• This version is a feature release for use in systems with CU 6105, CU 6110 and DIS-CCU Central Units only
• This version cannot be used to upgrade systems using CU 6005, CU 6010 or CU 6011 Central Units
• This version can upgrade SW6000 from all previous SW6000 versions
• This version is compatible with SW6000 Software License file v1.7 only
  • If upgrading from SW6000 v6.0.xxx or later, a new SW6000 license is not needed
  • If upgrading from SW6000 v5.8.xxx or earlier, a new SW6000 license is needed

New Features

• Updated visual appearance:
  • Rebranding SW6000 from DIS to Shure
  • A general update of labels in SW6000 has been made. The most important changes are:
    • Conference -> Meeting
    • User -> Participant
    • Delegate -> Participant
    • User Type -> Meeting Role
  • The new labels will only be applied if the default English labels has not been changed. Both the legacy labels and the new labels are to be found in the folders in the SW6000 installation package
• Color scheme of the CUA and CDA is changed to match other Shure applications. A CUA configuration file (prjCUA.exe.config) with the old color scheme is to be found in the SW6000 installation package
• Change of SW6000 license structure. The number of licenses is reduced as the facilities in a number of modules has been included in the basic SW6000 software package. The new license structure will be effective after May 1st 2017.
• Support for Shure Name Sign. SW6000 does now support the Shure Name Sign for showing the name on the sign of the participant logged into a seat .
• Option to set the Manual Speech Time from the CUA. The entry field reflects the entered manual timer value as long as the CUA application is not closed

Improvements

• Optimization of showing Individual Voting and Registration results in the CUA Results view
• Performance improvements in CUA for Login/Logout including caching more participant data in CUI/CUA to speed up CUA meeting handling
• Messaging behavior updated so no participants or groups are pre-selected when opening the message view in the CUA
• Added separate labels for Agenda status. ‘Set New’ used to be hardcoded, this is now corrected
• Meeting import/export in the CAA, using either file or web service, have been redesigned to make it possible to have different customer implementations and import in different languages
• CDA ViewStateServer is now updated when seats are updated in response to a CU/CCU unit status update message.
• Improved error handling if CDA is disconnected from LAN (one CDA loosing LAN connection caused that other CDA’s might also loose connection)
• The "Delete Default” meeting button is now disabled, if no default meeting is saved
• Multiple participants can now be selected and deleted in the Participant Table
• A confirmation popup is now shown, if the user tries to close the CUA.

Bug Fixes

CUA

• where a user logged in on a CUA with no paired HW unit, with meeting mode ‘Login Using Code’ and with chip card enabled, can’t re-login on a CUA on another PC. CUI now also handles logouts from seats with no hardware on seat), allowing computer seats to log out properly
• where some Meeting Roles in CUA are empty until first meeting has been started
• with the command line parameter -CUI "Computername
• where delegates are unselected after speech time increase/decrease in microphone control
• when receiving a message in a CUA using lowest resolution (1024x768)
• when applying room setup, and the Meeting Role was not being applied to the unit
• in CUA volume control, where it was not possible to change volume levels. CUI now takes the seats active Meeting Role into account rather than computing rights based on delegate Meeting Role when sending out configuration updates. Updates related to audio setup will then also reach a CUA with a delegate receiving user rights from a secondary Meeting Role
• a memory leak error for CUA related to start/stop meeting
• preventing applying a room setup, when a meeting is running. Message box informing the user is added

CAA

• Changed three labels. If language versions other than the default English language is in use or the default English labels has been changed, the following labels shall be changed from the old values to the new values in all languages:
  • Old Values:
    • 6602 = dB
    • 6712 = dB
    • 6713 = db
  • New values:
  • 6602 = {0:+0;-0; 0} dB
  • 6712 = {0:+0;-0; 0} dB
  • 6713 = {0:+0;-0; 0} dB
• Fixed errors with
  • 6 missing group labels after DB upgrade from earlier version 4.1.x
  • language pop-up at start-up
  • apostrophe in SQL.
  • an exception when setting Manual speech time
  • a Webservice exception with very large agenda: Maximum request length exceeded. Increased the maximum post size from 4MB to 64MB
  • Interpreter Unit, language selection, which was not always update correct
  • Database Inconsistencies. A number of differences are have been identified when comparing older databases (after upgrade to 6.x) with new database generated by latest 6.x release. The differences are now corrected and included in the CAA database upgrade script, so customers will have a more smooth upgrade experience, when upgrading from pre 5.1.35 versions
  • agenda subject in ‘No Login’ meeting mode to prevent setting a delegate as Speaker for a subject
  • duplicate delegates in SQL database. Duplicate delegates are removed if there is any, when upgrading the database, keeping the oldest one (preventive action to clean up the database). Historical data is not modified. Also fixed an upgrade problem for databases without language 1033
• Fixed an error, where
  • invariant languages from the language list could be selected when creating additional languages. This caused an exception if chosen, or if the user scrolled by
  • the default custom mimic image was overwrite at a software upgrade
  • agenda subject item 1000 could not be added again after having removed one item
  • editing label group 57 shows an error when shifting between languages
  • the ‘tab’ order in the Meeting was incorrect
  • the delegate 'Replace' list included not active delegates
  • moving a participant in the delegate seat table of a meeting using the "Move" button generated an SQL exception when updating changes into database
  • labels were deleted if empty labels was imported into the default language.
  • Removed "Save settings in CU" button in CAA seat forms as this button has no functionality with DIS-CCU and CU 61xx.

CDA

• Fixed an error,
  • where the manual timer clock on CDA momentarily displays red “alarm” outline prior to next timer selection.
  • where Delegate speaker names could be empty if the new CDA command line parameter -disablepagetimer is used
  • in Individual voting results display, where delegate names sometimes are missing for meetings with large amount of delegates
  • where Latest Speaker timer is not counting on custom screen
• Minor font size changes in skin editor

CUI

• Fixed an error where the Voting weight was not always taken into account in large installations
• Fixed an error, where Voting Results are "0"s when delegates register w. chip cards during a voting session

Reports

• Meeting and voting reports has been updated to reflect delegate settings in all list type meeting types, so e.g. Meeting Role and voting weight are taken into account. Previously delegate settings was incorrectly taken from Delegate Table.
• Registration reports updated to reflect Meeting Role during list meeting types.
• Incorrect number of delegate speaker in Meeting log reports (report ID 1232/ 1451)
• Delegate Meeting reports (ID 1200) updated to reflect Meeting Role during list meeting types.
• Voting reports updated to reflect Meeting Role during list meeting types. The affected reports are: 1233, 1405, 1417, 1434, 1436, 1438, 1440, 9005 and custom reports 1444, 1445, 1446, and 1447.
• Report 'All delegate Statistical' (Report ID 1243) updated to show correct speak times.
• CAA Meeting Log reports updated to reflect Meeting Role during list meeting types. This affects reports ID 1227 (meeting login-logout) and 1232 / 1451 (meeting log)
• CAA : Correction for duplicate delegate results in Meeting Log reports, which occurred when delegates had different Meeting Roles in list type meetings (report ID 1232, 1228, 1451)
• Voting reports are missing results from proxy delegates
• Voting reports - proxy delegates are listed 5 times each

IMPORTANT

• This firmware release can be used to upgrade units in a DDS 5900 or a DCS 6000 systems using CU 5905, CU 6105, CU 6110 or DIS CCU Central Units.
• The CU 6000, CU 6005, CU 6010 and CU 6011 Central Units are not supported in this release.
• The DIS FUU Firmware Upgrade Utility, which is part of this firmware release, must be used when upgrading

NEW FEATURES

• Support of Shure Name Sign
• Support for individual microphone attenuation control in 5900 mode on the CU/CCU GUI

Important

• Update all GLX-D devices in a configuration to the same firmware version.
• To update or downgrade GLXD4 receivers, use Shure Update Utility version 2.4.3 and download the appropriate firmware.

Improvement

• Changed the version number for GLXD4/6 receivers to 2.2.5 to allow all GLX-D devices in a configuration with GLXD4R and UA846Z2 devices to have the same firmware version.

Notes

• GLX-D devices on firmware version 2.0.0.1 or higher are not compatible with earlier versions.
• If you have GLXD4 version 2.1 and update to version 2.2.5, you will not be able to downgrade back to version 2.1.
• To operate GLXD4 version 2.2.5 with other Shure software, see the following list of minimum versions:
  • GLXD1/2 Transmitters 2.2.5
  • GLX-D GLXD4/4R/6 Receivers 2.2.5
  • UA846Z2 Frequency Manager 2.2.5
  • Shure Update Utility 2.4.3

Important

Update all GLX-D devices in a configuration to the same firmware version

Improvement

• Changed the version number for GLXD4/6 receivers to 2.2.5 to allow all GLX-D devices in a configuration with GLXD4R and UA846Z2 devices to have the same firmware version.

Known Issue

• After attempting to downgrade GLX-D devices from version 2.2.5 to version 2.0.0.1, Shure Update Utility will maintain the same version number followed by an asterisk (*) and incorrectly state in the Event Log that the firmware failed to install. The firmware downgrade will actually be successful.

Notes

• GLX-D devices on firmware version 2.0.0.1 or higher are not compatible with earlier versions.
• To operate GLXD6 version 2.2.5 with other Shure software, see the following list of minimum versions:
  • GLXD1/2 Transmitters 2.2.5
  • GLXD4/4R/6 Receivers 2.2.5
  • UA846Z2 Frequency Manager 2.2.5
  • Shure Update Utility 2.3

IMPROVEMENT

• GLXD4R and UA846Z2 compatibility

NOTES

• GLX-D devices on version 2.0.0.1 or higher are not compatible with earlier versions.
• To operate GLXD1/2 Transmitters on version 2.2.5 with other Shure software, see the following list of minimum versions:
  • GLXD4 Wireless Receiver  2.0.0.1
  • GLXD4R Wireless Receiver 2.2.5
  • GLXD6 Guitar Pedal Receiver 2.0.0.1
  • UA846Z2 Frequency Manager 2.2.5
  • Shure Update Utility 2.3

IMPROVEMENT

• GLXD4R and UA846Z2 compatibility

NOTES

• GLX-D devices on version 2.0.0.1 or higher are not compatible with earlier versions.
• To operate GLXD1/2 Transmitters on version 2.2.5 with other Shure software, see the following list of minimum versions:
  • GLXD4 Wireless Receiver  2.0.0.1
  • GLXD4R Wireless Receiver 2.2.5
  • GLXD6 Guitar Pedal Receiver 2.0.0.1
  • UA846Z2 Frequency Manager 2.2.5
  • Shure Update Utility 2.3

Improvements

• OS Support
  • Added compatibility with macOS Sierra (10.12), including signing Wireless Workbench with Gatekeeper (macOS only)
• General UI
  • Optimized UI to render on high-resolution screens
  • Improved performance of Monitor view with large counts of Channel Strips
  • Added "View Release Notes" to Help menu
  • Added "Open Recent Show" to File menu
  • Added "Assign Color" to context menu of Properties Panels
• Remote Device Connection
  • Added option to connect to remote devices through a VPN Connection. After a VPN connection is established, go to Network Preferences in WWB6, select the NIC of your VPN, and then specify the IP addresses of remote devices.
• Timeline
  • Fixed issue that stopped recording ShowLink data if UHF reception was lost.
  • Added capability to record and display ShowLink data per channel slot.
  • Added the following new system events:
    • Active Tx Change
    • Audio Mode Change
    • Audio Peak Overload
    • RF Power Change
  • Added Y-axis color scales to the plot views of RF, Audio, and Battery data streams.
  • Added "Keep channels armed" option after a Timeline recoding has finished in order open a new Timeline tab to record another Timeline with the same channels.
  • Improved presentation of Antenna Status for ULX-D systems to represent Interference states (red).
  • Improved presentation of Frequency Diversity channels while recording.
  • Increased time resolution for markers to 100 ms.
• Frequency Coordination
  • Updated coordination preference for "minimum spacing from TV channel" to support different spacing for leading and trailing edges of an avoided TV channel.
  • Added context menu options to frequency headers in Coordination Workspace (delete groups of frequencies, move to another zone)
  • Added ability to import a list of frequencies from common file formats (.csv, .txt) into Exclusions dialog.
• TV Management
  • Added a coordination preference to "Ignore scan peaks within an excluded TV channel".
  • Fixed issue that prevented WWB version 6.12.0 from importing TV exclusion files that were created by previous WWB versions and had "Countries with 6 MHz (Japan)" as the selected country.
• New Device/Band Support
  • ULX-D bands: G62, Z17, Z18, Z19, Z20
  • QLX-D bands: Z17, Z18, Z19, Z20
  • Shure Battery Rack Charger (SBRC)

Known Issues

• When connecting to AXT400, AXT610, and AXT transmitters across subnets (as Remote Devices), ShowLink connectivity between the transmitter and other components is not fully functional. Linked transmitter status from the vantage point of the receiver and the Access Point will show as not connected.
• Checking for Wireless Workbench 6 updates using Shure Update Utility 2.2.2.8 will not detect new versions of Wireless Workbench.
• If you are running the Mac OS X Yosemite Operating System, be sure to run version 10.10.4 or later. Earlier beta versions of the Operating System are not supported.
• On Macs, when users open show files and launch the Frequency Analysis dialog (by checking the checkbox and pressing “Analyze”), the Frequency Coordination tab may stop responding to keyboard inputs (for example, editing or deleting frequencies with the keyboard). To work around this issue, select another tab in the application (e.g.: Inventory or Monitor) and then reselect the Frequency Coordination tab.
• SLX and ULX frequencies in Master List mode cannot be manually entered in the Coordination Workspace. They can, however, be coordinated and analyzed.
• When scanning with AXT400 receivers, the Band Preset value in the Live Scan Settings dialog does not always stay in sync with the currently selected band of the receiver. The Band Preset can be manually changed to scan any supported range.
• Alerts logged when devices first come online may list device parameters and their values as they are being discovered even though the parameter values themselves have not changed.

Notes

• Version 6.12.1 requires 64-bit systems. To use Wireless Workbench 6 on a 32-bit system, install and run version 6.12.0.88 or older. Get previous versions
• WWB6 Help now opens in your system’s default browser and does not require internet connectivity to access it.
• Tags that have been added to a show file but are not assigned to any devices are not saved within the show file.
• Opening show files created with older versions of Wireless Workbench may result in the Settings Conflicts dialog opening once the file has loaded. This is due to newly supported hardware parameters that have been introduced with updated firmware versions. To maintain all settings from the show file, select "Keep all settings from: Wireless Workbench".
• On machines running Windows 7, Wireless Workbench will not be able to discover devices when the machine has fallen back to its 169.254.xxx.yyy fallback IP address, regardless of the IP addressing of the connected Shure devices. To address this, perform one of the following:
  • Insert a DHCP server onto your network and set your machine and Shure devices to accept automatic IP addressing.
  • Statically assign your machine's IP address to the 169.254.xxx.yyy fallback subnet with a different IP address than the one it fell back to originally.

Important

• ULXD4D and ULXD4Q receivers running firmware prior to 1.4.8 must be updated to 1.4.8 before updating to newer versions.
• ULXD4D and ULXD4Q receivers running firmware between 1.4.8 and 2.0.28 must be updated to 2.0.28 before updating to newer versions.
• After 2.0.28 is installed, ULXD4D and ULXD4Q receivers can be updated to the latest available firmware version.
• ULX-D devices that are downgrading to 1.5.6 may report a false failure.
  • Workaround: Because this is a false failure, closing the send updates window and going to the main page, Shure Update Utility will show green for the firmware version.
• ULX-D 2.X firmware versions are incompatible with ULX-D or QLX-D 1.X firmware versions. To ensure all receivers and transmitters in a configuration function with each other, update all devices to the same firmware version.

Improvements

• Improved large-scale network stability: In some cases of very large installations with earlier firmware versions, units occasionally would drop off the network and not be visible via WWB6 or other remote networking access. Version 2.0.28 resolves the issue and increases overall network stability.
• Added new frequency bands:
  • Europe: Z17: 1492 – 1525 MHz
  • Europe: Z18: 1785 – 1805 MHz
  • Australia: Z19: 1785 – 1800 MHz
  • Taiwan
    • Z20: 1790 – 1805 MHz
    • G62: 510 – 530 MHz
• Bug fixes

Notes

• Update all transmitters used with receivers via IR. After the receiver is updated, follow these steps:
  1. Go to the receiver menu: DEVICE UTILITIES > TX FW UPDATE
  2. Align the infrared ports with the transmitter
  3. Press ENTER.
• For operation of ULX-D devices with other Shure networked systems, see the following list of minimum firmware versions that are supported with ULX-D version 2.0.28:
  • ULX-D ULXD1/2 Transmitters and ULXD4, ULXD4D, ULXD4Q Receivers 2.0.28
  • QLX-D QLXD1/2 Transmitters and QLXD4 Receivers 2.0.16
  • Wireless Workbench 6.12
  • Shure Update Utility 2.2.2.8
  • ShurePlus Channels 1.3
• ULX-D 2.0.19 (release date: 9/16/2016) is no longer available in the firmware library. Release notes remain available for reference:
  • New Features
    • Support for Access Control, which allows users to specify PINs for networked devices to restrict access to them from unauthenticated Shure control software.
    • AMX/Crestron control string to get the ULXD firmware version.
      • Command: < GET FW_VER >
    • Ability to reverse polarity on ULXD1 and ULXD1LEMO3 bodypacks. To reverse polarity, use these options:
      • Bodypack Utilities menu: UTILITY > POLARITY
      • Save the IR preset on the receiver and then IR sync to the bodypack to incorporate the polarity change: IR PRESETS > BP POLARITY
  • Improvements
    • Added new VHF frequency bands:
      • V50
      • V51
    • Dante™ update to software version 3.9.6.1 and firmware version 4.0.0.6
    • Improved audio stability in marginal RF conditions
  • Known Issues
    • ShurePlus Channels version 1.2 does not support ULX-D firmware version 2.0 or later.
    • QLX-D firmware version 1.1.15 or earlier does not support ULX-D firmware version 2.0 or later.
  • Notes
    • Users must update all transmitters used with receivers via IR. After the receiver is updated, follow these steps:
      1. Go to the receiver menu: DEVICE UTILITIES > TX FW UPDATE
      2. Align the infrared ports with the transmitter
      3. Press ENTER.
    • For operation of ULX-D devices with other Shure networked systems, see the following list of minimum firmware versions that are supported with ULX-D version 2.0.19:
      • ULX-D ULXD1/2 Transmitters and ULXD4, ULXD4D, ULXD4Q Receivers 2.0.19
      • Wireless Workbench 6.12
      • Shure Update Utility 2.2.2.8

Important

• ULX-D 2.X firmware versions are incompatible with ULX-D or QLX-D 1.X firmware versions. To ensure all receivers and transmitters in a configuration function with each other, update all devices to the same firmware version.

Improvements

• Improved large-scale network stability: In some cases of very large installations with earlier firmware versions, units occasionally would drop off the network and not be visible via WWB6 or other remote networking access. Version 2.0.28 resolves the issue and increases overall network stability.
• Added new frequency bands:
  • Europe: Z17: 1492 – 1525 MHz
  • Europe: Z18: 1785 – 1805 MHz
  • Australia: Z19: 1785 – 1800 MHz
  • Taiwan
    • Z20: 1790 – 1805 MHz
    • G62: 510 – 530 MHz
• Bug fixes

Notes

• Update all transmitters used with receivers via IR. After the receiver is updated, follow these steps:
  1. Go to the receiver menu: DEVICE UTILITIES > TX FW UPDATE
  2. Align the infrared ports with the transmitter
  3. Press ENTER.
• For operation of ULX-D devices with other Shure networked systems, see the following list of minimum firmware versions that are supported with ULX-D version 2.0.28:
  • ULX-D ULXD1/2 Transmitters and ULXD4, ULXD4D, ULXD4Q Receivers 2.0.28
  • QLX-D QLXD1/2 Transmitters and QLXD4 Receivers 2.0.16
  • Wireless Workbench 6.12
  • Shure Update Utility 2.2.2.8
  • ShurePlus Channels 1.3
• ULX-D 2.0.19 (release date: 9/16/2016) is no longer available in the firmware library. Release notes remain available for reference:
  • New Features
    • Support for Access Control, which allows users to specify PINs for networked devices to restrict access to them from unauthenticated Shure control software.
    • AMX/Crestron control string to get the ULXD firmware version.
      • Command: < GET FW_VER >
    • Ability to reverse polarity on ULXD1 and ULXD1LEMO3 bodypacks. To reverse polarity, use these options:
      • Bodypack Utilities menu: UTILITY > POLARITY
      • Save the IR preset on the receiver and then IR sync to the bodypack to incorporate the polarity change: IR PRESETS > BP POLARITY
  • Improvements
    • Added new VHF frequency bands:
      • V50
      • V51
    • Dante™ update to software version 3.9.6.1 and firmware version 4.0.0.6
    • Improved audio stability in marginal RF conditions
  • Known Issues
    • ShurePlus Channels version 1.2 does not support ULX-D firmware version 2.0 or later.
    • QLX-D firmware version 1.1.15 or earlier does not support ULX-D firmware version 2.0 or later.
  • Notes
    • Users must update all transmitters used with receivers via IR. After the receiver is updated, follow these steps:
      1. Go to the receiver menu: DEVICE UTILITIES > TX FW UPDATE
      2. Align the infrared ports with the transmitter
      3. Press ENTER.
    • For operation of ULX-D devices with other Shure networked systems, see the following list of minimum firmware versions that are supported with ULX-D version 2.0.19:
      • ULX-D ULXD1/2 Transmitters and ULXD4, ULXD4D, ULXD4Q Receivers 2.0.19
      • Wireless Workbench 6.12
      • Shure Update Utility 2.2.2.8

Important

• ULX-D 2.X firmware versions are incompatible with ULX-D or QLX-D 1.X firmware versions. To ensure all receivers and transmitters in a configuration function with each other, update all devices to the same firmware version.

Improvements

• Improved large-scale network stability: In some cases of very large installations with earlier firmware versions, units occasionally would drop off the network and not be visible via WWB6 or other remote networking access. Version 2.0.28 resolves the issue and increases overall network stability.
• Added new frequency bands:
  • Europe: Z17: 1492 – 1525 MHz
  • Europe: Z18: 1785 – 1805 MHz
  • Australia: Z19: 1785 – 1800 MHz
  • Taiwan
    • Z20: 1790 – 1805 MHz
    • G62: 510 – 530 MHz
• Bug fixes

Notes

• Update all transmitters used with receivers via IR. After the receiver is updated, follow these steps:
  1. Go to the receiver menu: DEVICE UTILITIES > TX FW UPDATE
  2. Align the infrared ports with the transmitter
  3. Press ENTER.
• For operation of ULX-D devices with other Shure networked systems, see the following list of minimum firmware versions that are supported with ULX-D version 2.0.28:
  • ULX-D ULXD1/2 Transmitters and ULXD4, ULXD4D, ULXD4Q Receivers 2.0.28
  • QLX-D QLXD1/2 Transmitters and QLXD4 Receivers 2.0.16
  • Wireless Workbench 6.12
  • Shure Update Utility 2.2.2.8
  • ShurePlus Channels 1.3
• ULX-D 2.0.19 (release date: 9/16/2016) is no longer available in the firmware library. Release notes remain available for reference:
  • New Features
    • Support for Access Control, which allows users to specify PINs for networked devices to restrict access to them from unauthenticated Shure control software.
    • AMX/Crestron control string to get the ULXD firmware version.
      • Command: < GET FW_VER >
    • Ability to reverse polarity on ULXD1 and ULXD1LEMO3 bodypacks. To reverse polarity, use these options:
      • Bodypack Utilities menu: UTILITY > POLARITY
      • Save the IR preset on the receiver and then IR sync to the bodypack to incorporate the polarity change: IR PRESETS > BP POLARITY
  • Improvements
    • Added new VHF frequency bands:
      • V50
      • V51
    • Dante™ update to software version 3.9.6.1 and firmware version 4.0.0.6
    • Improved audio stability in marginal RF conditions
  • Known Issues
    • ShurePlus Channels version 1.2 does not support ULX-D firmware version 2.0 or later.
    • QLX-D firmware version 1.1.15 or earlier does not support ULX-D firmware version 2.0 or later.
  • Notes
    • Users must update all transmitters used with receivers via IR. After the receiver is updated, follow these steps:
      1. Go to the receiver menu: DEVICE UTILITIES > TX FW UPDATE
      2. Align the infrared ports with the transmitter
      3. Press ENTER.
    • For operation of ULX-D devices with other Shure networked systems, see the following list of minimum firmware versions that are supported with ULX-D version 2.0.19:
      • ULX-D ULXD1/2 Transmitters and ULXD4, ULXD4D, ULXD4Q Receivers 2.0.19
      • Wireless Workbench 6.12
      • Shure Update Utility 2.2.2.8